How Does Having the Same Name in the Family Work
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Online Resource [edit | edit source]
- Genealogical Society of Finland. Finnish Genealogy: The Finnish Naming System
- Kai Nikulainen, How to Pronounce Finnish Names
- Nordic Names A website studying given names in the Nordic countries.
- Wiktionary : the free lexicon. Category:Finnish given names. Finnish names with Swedish equivalents.
- Backside the Name Finnish Names
Introduction [edit | edit source]
Considerable defoliation exists among many people with Finnish ancestry regarding how names are used in Finland and how they should exist recorded. This document attempts to give background into the historical practices, legislation, and recommended best practices for recording Finnish personal and place names.
Understanding surnames and given names can aid you find and identify your ancestors in genealogical records. In Finnish genealogical research, researching people with a mutual surname is not always productive because people oft changed their surnames when they moved or for other reasons. With the growth of Finnish nationalism in the beginning of the 1900s many Swedish and other foreign sounding names were changed to Finnish names. For example, Forsman became Koskimies and Widbom became Pajula. These could be direct translations, fractional translations, or completely different names.
It is not uncommon to see a person recorded in i document with a Swedish proper noun, and a Finnish name in some other. This was almost likely acquired past the preference of the person making the record. Equally there are very few autograph materials which exist for the general populace it is possible that the proper name past which they appear in the records was not necessarily the proper name they used themselves.
Things To Know [edit | edit source]
- Finnish was not the official language used in record keeping until 1883. Prior to that date records were kept in Swedish.
- During the late 19th century people began adopting fixed surnames
- The get-go police force requiring permanent surnames was passed in 1921
- Most of the population used patronymic surnames which are derived from the begetter'south given name and a suffix to identify the child's gender, -son, -dotter or -poika (son) or -tytär (daughter)
- Surnames were oft abbreviated in records
All-time Practices For Recording Names [edit | edit source]
- Surnames which are abbreviated in the records should exist recorded fully spelled out
- Subcontract names point residence, and should be recorded every bit part of the upshot locality - not equally a surname
- If a person is found in some records with a patronymic surname and family proper noun in other records, select one to employ as the primary course and record the other equally an alternate name.
Legislative Changes [edit | edit source]
Language Reforms [edit | edit source]
The Finnish writing system was established on Mikael Agricola's efforts to ensure that when Finnish was read to illiterate persons they would be able to recognize and empathise it. Dissatisfied with having but Mass available in Finnish he worked diligently to create a translation of the New Testament into Finnish using the original Greek text, Martin Luther'south German translation, Erasmus of Rotterdam'southward Latin New Testament, and the Swedish Bible of Olaus Petri. Agricola's spelling volume, Abckira, published in 1543, was his first effort in developing a standard form of the language. This was followed by Rucouskiria Bibliasta (Prayer Book from the Bible) in 1544; a translation of the New Testament (Se Wsi Attestation) published in 1548; and three additional litugical works in 1549.[1] All of his works were based on the western dialects spoken in Republic of finland (mainly in Turku) and are know as Old Literary Finnish.
Raising the condition of the Finnish language as a truly national language to replace or compete with Swedish began in the 1800s with the publication of the Kalevala past Elias Lönnrot in 1835. Scholars mark this event equally the beginning of the transition to Modern Finnish with the introduction of words from eastern dialects, giving the language a broader cultural representation. The writing system was standardized with the publication of a Finnish translation of the Bible in the 1850s. As well contributing to this transformation of Finnish into a national language were the efforts of Swedish-born Johan Vilhelm Snellman, a powerful promoter of Finnish nationalism who had served as a lecturer at the University of Helsinki and colleague of Elias Lönnrot, and later every bit a fellow member of the Senate of Republic of finland and Finance Government minister. While serving as Minister he was able to propose and promote the Kielireskripti (Language Decree) which was canonical on i August 1863 by Tsar Alexander II which initiated a 20 yr menstruum in which Finnish would replace Swedish in all official records. The commencement novel published in Finnish was Seven Brothers past Aleksis Kivi in 1870.
Kotimaisten Kielten Keskus (The Institute for the Languages of Finland, Institut för de inhemska spraken) is as part of the Ministry of Education and Culture and provides guidelines to ensure that place names, government agencies, loanwords, product names, and personal names comply with existing traditions and legislation. The Institute maintains an index (Nimiarkisto) of the names of over 2.7 one thousand thousand places in Finland as well as a drove of 466,500 proper names taken from the church records indexed past the Genealogical Society of Finland.[2]
Laws on Personal Names [edit | edit source]
The beginning law requiring permanent surnames for all Finnish citizens was passed in 1921. This law also required women to adopt their married man's surname at matrimony. A second police force pased in 1930 required all people to use an inherited surname. Additional legislation was passed in 1991 Nimilaki (Name Act) and 1998. The 2017 Etu- ja sukunimilaki (Act on Forenames and Surnames / Swedish: Lag om för- och efternamn) which went into consequence in 2019, requires all Finnish citizens have at least and one no more four given names.
Given Names [edit | edit source]
Many Finnish given names are derived from Biblical names, such equally Taavetti (David), or the names of saints, such every bit Yrjö (George). Names can too exist of ancient Finnish origin, (such as Ilmari or Tuulikki), or Swedish origin, (such equally Sten or Knut).
When baptized, children were usually given ane or ii given names. It was customary to proper noun the oldest male child afterward the paternal grandfather, the second male kid after the maternal grandfather, the third son after the male parent. Naming of daughters followed a like pattern. Subsequent children may have been named after other relatives or close family unit friends who may have served every bit godparents. If a child died young, it was besides common to name the next child of the same gender with the aforementioned proper name.
Naming Patterns [edit | edit source]
A specific naming pattern was very common in Finland and in other parts of Europe until nearly 1900. Although non always followed strictly, the following pattern may be helpful in researching family unit groups and determining the parents of the mother and father:
- The first son was named afterward the father's begetter
- The 2nd son was named after the mother's father
- The third son was named after the male parent
- The fourth son was named after the fathers eldest brother
- The first daughter was named after the mother's female parent
- The second girl was named after the begetter's mother
- The 3rd girl was named afterward the mother
- The 4th daughter was named subsequently the mothers eldest sister
If the wife's parents were deceased, or the couple were living on the married woman's parents farm, her parents may have priority in the naming. Besides, if a homo's married woman passed away, and he remarried, the first daughter may exist named later the deceased wife.
Children in the Family With the Same Name [edit | edit source]
Sometimes 2 or more children within a family unit were given the same proper noun. In some cases it was washed considering an older child died and the next child of the same gender was given the name. Nevertheless, two or more children by the same given name could also take lived to machismo. Exercise not presume that the first child with that same given name died unless the actual death record is found.
Surnames [edit | edit source]
Boundary showing different surname practices in Finland.
Earlier record keeping began, most people had simply one name, such as Johan. As the population increased, it became necessary to distinguish betwixt individuals with the same proper name. The trouble was usually solved by adding descriptive data. Johan the smith became Johan Smed; Johan the son of Matts became Johan Mattsson, or Johan from Huuskotar farm became Johan Huuskoin. At first, such "surnames" applied but to ane person and not to the whole family. Afterward a few generations, these names sometimes became hereditary and were used from father to son. Before the twentieth century, women in Finland by and large did not assume the married man's surname at marriage. In vernacular speech Finns did not address each other using patronymics. The natural Finnish way of referring to someone's parentage is to use the genitive form, Matin Olli ("Matthew'southward Olaf") instead of the solemn Olli Matinpoika ("Olaf Matthew's son")[three]
Finnish birth records did not generally identify the surname for newborn infants, only the given name. In creating a surname standard for the International Genealogical Alphabetize, the surnames were assigned strictly by whether a parish is classified every bit a patronymic parish (western) or a stock-still surname parish (eastern). Without knowing which mode a parish was classified, information technology is all-time to try all known possible variations, such as patronymic, subcontract names, and fixed surnames, when searching Historical Records collections and the International Genealogical Index.
Eastern and western Finland accept different naming traditions. Both naming customs date dorsum to the earliest written sources. There was frequent overlap of these practices in both areas. Following is a brief clarification of diverse types of Finnish surnames according to geographic (due east-west) distributions:
- Western Republic of finland (Ahvenanmaa, Häme, Kymi, Turku-Pori, Uusimaa, and Vaasa Counties with the exception of certain parishes). Surnames changed from generation to generation co-ordinate to the patronymic naming custom used in Sweden.
- Eastern Finland (Kuopio, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, and Viipuri Counties with the exception of certain parishes). Surnames did non change from generation to generation.
Western Republic of finland [edit | edit source]
Two types of surnames were common in western Finland: patronymic and farm names. A farm name could exist used in additional to a patronymic name.
Patronymic Surnames [edit | edit source]
Analogy of the derivation of Swedish-style patronymic surnames
Patronymic surnames were common throughout Republic of finland, but almost people in western Finland used but a patronymic surname. Patronymic surnames are based on the father'south given name. Swedish patronymics terminate with -sson (son) or -dotter (girl). Following this pattern, Lars, the son of Anders, would be named Lars Andersson; and Maria, the daughter of Anders, would be named Maria Andersdotter. In cases of illegitimacy, a child's surname might exist based on the mother'due south given name. For case, Henrik Mariasson would be the son of Maria.
Although church records used the Swedish form of the names, Finnish genealogists often convert them to their Finnish equivalents. Patronymic surnames in Finnish finish with -poika (son) or -tytär (daughter). For case, Lars Andersson would exist recorded every bit Lauri Antinpoika and Maria Andersdotter as Maria Antintytär in Finnish.
In the late nineteenth century, patronymic surnames became fixed with each successive generation using the same patronymic surname. Equally names became stock-still, brothers could take unlike surnames. One may take elected to use his patronymic surname, while another may accept taken his father's patronymic surname. Because of this, brothers named Sven and Pär, the sons of Lars Andersson, could be establish in records with unlike surnames. 1 son may be chosen Sven Andersson (from his father'due south patronymic) and the other, Pär Larsson (from his own patronymic).
Eastern Republic of finland [edit | edit source]
Family Names [edit | edit source]
Illustration of the derivation of fixed surnames
The surnames used in eastern Finland are family unit surnames, which means that they were used in a family from generation to generation. They represent some of the primeval family surnames of Europe and well-nigh of them betoken relationship or common origin, although this cannot always exist proved with existing sources.
Family surnames have certain types of endings: -nen or -ainen/-äinen. For example, Huuskonen and Liimatainen are family surnames. In before records, these names were constitute with other endings, such as Huuskoin and Liimatain. Early records also used the feminine ending, -tar. For example, Huuskotar and Huuskoin have feminine and masculine endings, respectively, but refer to the same farm.
Eastern Finnish surnames tin exist grouped into three types:
- Short names, ofttimes an beast (e.g., Orava, squirrel; Tikka, woodpecker; Kurki, crane; Orava, squirrel; and Repo, fox)
- Short names with the ending -nen (east.k., Oravainen, Tikkanen)
- Geographical name (including farm names) with the suffix -lainen or -läinen (Savolainen, Hämälainen)[iv]
Soldier Names [edit | edit source]
When a soldier enlisted in the ground forces, he was given a new surname. This proper name stayed with him as long every bit he served in the armed services. Often a certain name was associated with the soldier'due south cottage, and each new soldier assigned to that cottage received the aforementioned proper noun. Soldier names pertained only to the soldier himself and not to his family or descendants. After the mid-nineteenth century, yet, these names frequently became permanent family surnames.
The Swedish military used soldier names to distinguish persons with common patronymic names, such as Johansson and Mattsson. The soldier names were usually brusque, descriptive, and derived from Swedish: examples are Stål (steel), Glad (happy), Kämpe (fighter), Dufva (dove). However, in the mid-1800s Finnish language soldier names also became popular; examples are Kuula (catechism brawl, bullet), Luoti (bullet), Saari (isle).
Other Types of Surnames [edit | edit source]
Too using patronymic names, both the nobility and clergy used additional inherited surnames. Nobility surnames are unique family surnames, by and large given at the time of ennoblement. The clergy oftentimes causeless surnames with the Latinized ending -ius, such every bit Alcenius and Rothovius.
In the 1800s artisans and urban tradesmen began to use their occupations every bit surnames in either their Finnish or Swedish versions. Examples of these names are Nikkari or Snickare (carpenter) and Mylläri or Möllare (miller). They also took Swedish compound names, such as Söderqvist, Sjöberg, and Lindholm.
Abbreviations [edit | edit source]
In areas where patronymic surname were used information technology was the normal exercise to abridge surnames. In a parish where nearly of the population has a surname ending with -dotter or -sson, recording the name in total would be needlessly redundant.
In parishes where the priest or sexton was recording persons with Finnish names, the abbreviation p. represents poika (son), and t. and tr. stand for tytär (girl). In records where persons are recorded with Swedish names, the abbreviations d., dr., dtr., are all substitutes for dotter. Likewise, male patronymics are frequently shortened to s, ss, or ssn. For example:
- Maria Jöransdr. (Maria Jöransdotter)
- Eva Bertilintr. (Eva Bertilintytär)
- Juho Mattip. (Juho Mattipoika)
- Mathias Paulss. (Mathias Paulsson)
Abbreviations in the records are not limited to surnames. Some given names are frequently abbreviated likewise. Perhaps the most commonly encountered abbreviation is in names containing the word Christ, where it is written every bit X, it being a modern siglum of the Greek Χρ, representing the beginning two messages in the Greek spelling of Christ.
Name Frequency [edit | edit source]
A study of the population in southern Finland during the 1850s institute the most common female given names were Eva, Maria, and Anna, comprising 57% of the females in ane parish, and the same iii names representing 37% in another. The names Esther and Amanda belonged to another 11%; with these v names being found in 48% of the female population. The most common male person names were Johan/Johannes, Anders, Adam, Matts, and Thomas representing 55% in one parish; and the Johan, David, Matts, Carl, and Henrik comprising 55% in another.[5]
Farm Names [edit | edit source]
Farm names unremarkably end with -la, -lä equally in Anttila, Lukkarila and Takala. Many of the subcontract names originate in given names. For example, Pekkala is the place where Pekka lives. It is usually impossible to completely place the private who gave his proper noun to the subcontract. The proper name may have developed hundreds of years ago and all descendants of the original family may have moved abroad and an unrelated family is now in possession of the farm, while the original proper noun of the farm has been in use all the time.
There are are as well examples of farms which got the name from some family coming as settlers from another part of the country. For example, in the 1500s someone with the name Taskinen moved from Savonia to Northern Ostrobothnia, and settled on a subcontract which and so became known as Taskila. The original family unit proper name was forgotten afterwards a couple of generations because it was uncommon to use fixed family names in that area. Some generations later the farm is sold and the new owners start to apply a family unit name in the beginning of 1900s. They at present choose the proper noun Taskinen. The family unit name has been passed over to a family without any kinship to the original Taskinen family unit 300 years earlier.
There are many variations of farm names, especially in Ostrobothnia. Names equanimous of two unlike words such as Koivuhakola (Koivu, Hakola), Tikanoja (Tikan, Oja), and Ojaharju (Oja, Harju) are mutual.
A separate grouping of names are the those where the first office of the proper name changes and the second part is the aforementioned. An case is where the Nikula farm was divided into several farms, then into subsequently smaller farms. These smaller farms may have been given a name such every bit Latvanikula, Alanikula, Ylänikula, Takanikula, Peränikula, Keskinikula, etc., which indicates they were originally part of the original subcontract. There may be difficulties in proving a relationship betwixt the inhabitants at the different Nikula farms, considering the division may have been done during a period from which no written documents are institute.
Eastern Finland [edit | edit source]
Farm names were too used in eastern Republic of finland. Hither they developed into permanent family surnames and did not alter as a family moved. These names often stop in -la/-lä or -lainen/-läinen. Examples of these names include Heikkilä (Heikki'southward subcontract) and Haapalainen (place of aspens).
Western Finland [edit | edit source]
Farm names were oft used like surnames, but they referred to a person's place of residence. Thus a person chosen Juho Koskiniemi lived at a identify called Koskiniemi. If he moved, he would use the name of the new farm to indicate his residence. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, subcontract names ofttimes became stock-still family surnames.
Finnish-American Name Changes [edit | edit source]
Some Finnish immingrants to the United States kept all or part of their Finnish names, while other inverse all or part of their name to make it easier for their non-Finnish neighbors and associates to identify them. Call back, the aforementioned person may appear in the records recorded with either a Swedish or Finnish form of their proper name based on where they were living and when they were in that location. For example, Juho Miilumäki may besides be recorded every bit Johan Miilumäki in Finland and have gone by either John Miilu or John Maki in the U.s..
Siblings may have chosen to utilize different surnames. The sons of Juho Henrick Laurinpoika Miettunen, Juho Henrick Juhopoika and Matti Juhopoika may have been known as John Henry Larsen and Mathias Miettunen, giving no credible indication they are siblings. In Finland the male parent may appear in some records equally Johan Henrik Larsson and his sons every bit Johan Henrik Johansson and Mathias Johansson.
Bibliography [edit | edit source]
Vilkuna, Kustaa. Suomalainen nimikirja (Finnish Name Book). Helsinki: Otava, 1984.
References [edit | edit source]
- ↑ The three liturgical works are: Käsikirja Castesta ia muista Christikunnan Menoista, instructions for christening, wedlock and burial; Messu eli Herran echtolinen the liturgy for service of Mass; and Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon, an account of the last week of Jesus Christ's mortal ministry.
- ↑ Found for the Languages of Finland, Names Archive.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_name#Patronymics
- ↑ Harry Walli. "Finnish Genealogical Inquiry - Methods and Sources", in World Conference on Records and Genealogical Seminar, 5-viii Baronial 1969. Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Common salt Lake City, 1969
- ↑ The parishes were Mäntyharju in Mikkeli, and Hämeenkyrö in Turku-Pori. These names were besides found in compound given names, such as Johan Adam and Eva Maria.
Source: https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Finland_Personal_Names
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