How Long Do Baby Blue Throatede Macaws Stay With Their Mothers

Geographic Range

Bluish-throated macaws (Ara glaucogularis) are found only in the Beni department of Bolivia (200 to 300 m higher up body of water-level). In total, bluish-throated macaws inhabit an area of 2508 foursquare kilometres. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000; "Blueish-throated Macaw", 2009)

There are ii areas inhabited by 2 sub-populations of Ara glaucogularis: one is to the northwest of Trinidad (the capital city of Beni), and the other is to the southward of Trinidad. This separation may have occurred because of the indigenous peoples that historically inhabited this area and hunted blue-throated macaws to use the feathers in ornamental costume. This separation could likewise accept been caused more recently by the wild-bird merchandise. With the high population of humans, whatever blue-throated macaws in the vicinity would have a college chance of being caught. The formation of big homo settlements in this area as well resulted in a loss of suitable habitat and habitat fragmentation for this species. Hence, there are no blueish-throated macaws in the vicinity of Trinidad. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Strem, 2008)

neotropical
- native

Habitat

Bluish-throated macaws inhabit gallery forests and islands of trees surrounded by a tropical savanna. Seasonal rains cause flooding from October to May and transform the savanna into a grassy swamp surrounding permanently dry elevated forest islands. The presence of Motacú palms (Attalea phalerata) is required for the survival of Ara glaucogularis every bit this species of macaw feeds and nests in these palms more than whatsoever other species of plant. They occur well-nigh often betwixt the elevations of 200 and 300 m. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Jordan and Munn, 1993)

Almost of blueish-throated macaws' habitat is used for cattle ranching. However, the country is unsuitable for cultivation, so habitat alteration for agricultural apply does not occur. Although cattle will bruise saplings, mature Motacú palms are very hardy and resist damage. This palm is somewhat burn resistant equally well. As a result, Motacú palms often boss the woods fragments in the Beni Savanna. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000)

tropical
terrestrial

savanna or grassland

swamp

agricultural

Range meridian

200 to 300 grand

656.17 to 984.25 ft

Concrete Description

Blue-throated macaws take very vivid coloration. They have bright turquoise-blue feathers covering their throat, crown, dorsum and the dorsal side of their wings and tail. Golden-yellow feathers grow in a stripe between the bluish crown and pharynx on the side of the confront and on the ventral side of their trunk, wings and tail. On the face there is a sparsely feathered patch of skin near the base of the large dark-colored bill that has 5 or 6 horizontal stripes of blue feathers which are unique for every blue-throated macaw and can exist used to individually identify adults. The skin on this patch is predominantly white with a pinkish tint shut to the beak. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Kyle, 2007a)

Adult blue-throated macaws' mass ranges from 600 to chiliad g with a length of virtually 85 cm (measured from the height of the caput to tip of the long, tapered tail) and a wingspan of approximately three feet or 0.9 thou. Ara glaucogularis shows little easily observable sexual dimorphism; however, males tend to be a little bigger than females with approximate masses of 600 grand and 800 g respectively. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Clubb, 1994; Clubb, 2009; Kyle, 2007a)

Newly hatched blue-throated macaws are completely pinkish and have no feathers. Grey down grows in as they age, and is later replaced by colored, fully-adult feathers. The iris also changes color with age. The eye color of a nestling is initially blackness and changes to dark-brown soon afterward the eyes open. When the macaaw is one to 3 years old, its optics will turn grey, and so white. Every bit the macaw matures, the iris turns yellow and will be more golden at 10 years and will become a richer golden with age. Elderly macaws show a ring of dark grey surrounding the pupil where the iris has become thinner and the back of the retina shows through. This continuum of the iris' colour can exist used to estimate the age of a macaw. (Clubb, 1994; Clubb, 2009; Kyle, 2007b)

Blue-throated macaws look very similar to the more than mutual blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). However, they can be distinguished near clearly by the colors of the feathers on the pharynx and crown. Blue-throated macaws have v or 6 horizontal lines of feathers across the otherwise blank facial patch while blue and gold macaws have 3. Bluish-throated macaws are smaller and also have a more nasal, higher-pitched and softer voice in comparison to bluish and gold macaws. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Kyle, 2007a; Riviere, et al., 1986; "Blue and Golden Macaw", 2009)

Polymorphisms, seasonal and geographical variations have not been observed in blue-throated macaws.

endothermic
homoiothermic
bilateral symmetry

sexes alike
male larger

Range mass

600 to 1000 chiliad

21.15 to 35.24 oz
Average length

85 cm

33.46 in
Average wingspan

0.nine m

2.95 ft

Reproduction

Blue-throated macaws are monogamous and mate for life. It is not known if these macaws will pair with another mate if their original mate dies. Goose egg else is known nearly mating systems for Ara glaucogularis in the wild. (Kyle, 2007b)

monogamous

Blue-throated macaws brood in one case a year if the environmental conditions permit them; however, if the eggs or nestlings are lost, the breeding pair may produce a second clutch in the aforementioned breeding season. It has been speculated that the 2 sub-populations brood at slightly different times: the northern population brood from Baronial to Nov and the southern population brood from November to March. The female will lay i to iii eggs per clutch and incubates for 26 days. Blue-throated macaws have a mass of approximately 18 chiliad at hatching. The nestlings fledge at 13 to 14 weeks. Young blue-throated macaws will not exist fully independent of their parents for a total year. Blue-throated macaws volition exist sexually mature at about 5 years. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Clubb, 1994; Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007a; Strem, 2008; "Blue-throated Macaw", 2009)

Ara glaucogularis ordinarily nests in cavities of palm trees, most oft Attalea phalerata, although it will nest in other palm species as well. Dead palms are ideal to nest in as they are hollowed out past large grubs after the tree has died. Some macaw species, including Ara glaucogularis, volition consume the palm fronds to an extent that will kill the tree. The body of the palm is hollowed out by grubs resulting in the creation of a potential nest. It is non still known whether this is coincidence or if these birds do this intentionally to create nest sites. (Gilardi, et al., 2005; Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Jordan and Munn, 1993; Kyle, 2007b; Strem, 2008)

Nesting pairs of Ara glaucogularis don't consistently stay at one nest for consecutive breeding seasons and volition ordinarily search for dissimilar nesting sites every year. (Kyle, 2007b)

iteroparous
seasonal breeding
gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes divide)
sexual
oviparous

Breeding interval

Blueish-throated macaws breed once or twice yearly.
Breeding season

Blue-throated macaws brood from November to March.
Range eggs per flavour

ane to 3
Average time to hatching

26 days
Range fledging historic period

thirteen to 14 weeks
Average time to independence

1 years
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

5 years
Boilerplate age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male person)

5 years

A mating pair of Blueish-throated macaws must find a suitable nest before fertilization occurs. If a nest site cannot be institute, the pair may excavate their ain nest. While deciduous copse can be used, expressionless palms are easier to hollow out and are used quite frequently. Prospective parents must as well withstand competition for nest sites from other macaw species such as Ara ararauna, Ara chloroptera and Ara macao too as toco toucans, large woodpeckers, befouled owls, bats, and bees. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007a)

Female bluish-throated macaws lay the eggs and incubate them until they hatch. Males feed the females during incubation. Both parents feed the nestlings once the chicks accept hatched and the precocial chicks must be kept warm by their parents before their feathers grow in. Subsequently the nestlings' feathers abound in they are oftentimes left alone while both parents gather food. The young macaws are still dependent upon their parents for nutrient after they fledge until they are fully weaned and capable of foraging by themselves. Even after the juvenile macaws are able to provide for themselves, information technology has been observed that young bluish-throated macaws will stay with their parents upward to a year. During this fourth dimension, the parents will skip an entire breeding flavour. (Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007a)

altricial
male parental care
female parental care
pre-fertilization
- provisioning
- protecting
  - female
pre-hatching/birth
- provisioning
  - male
- protecting
  - male
  - female person
pre-weaning/fledging
- provisioning
  - male
  - female
- protecting
  - male person
  - female
pre-independence
- provisioning
  - male
  - female person
- protecting
  - male person
  - female
mail-independence association with parents
extended period of juvenile learning

Lifespan/Longevity

In captivity, blue-throated macaws are able to brood up to almost thirty to 35 years, after which crumbling and age related diseases brainstorm to show. Very few macaws in captivity live to 50 years of age. Blue-throated macaws have non been studied very long in the wild, and data on lifespan is yet to be discovered. (Clubb and Karpinski, 1992; Clubb, 1994)

Range lifespan
Status: captivity

50 (high) years

Behavior

Blue-throated macaws are social birds every bit they form monogamous mating pairs and will besides live in small groups. 1 group of 70 individuals was known at one point, but this species is not frequently seen in large flocks as other species of macaws have. This is nearly likely because blue-throated macaws are very rare and have such a low population that the formation of such large groups is very unlikely. A mating pair of blue-throated macaws can be very affectionate towards one another and are frequently seen preening each other's feathers and perching close together. Blue-throated macaws are sometimes seen interacting with bluish and gilt macaws (Ara ararauna) as well. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Kyle, 2007b; Benstead, et al., 1992)

Bluish-throated macaws live, feed and nest in trees. Their main way of locomotion is flying, only they are also able to climb trees, maneuver along branches and walk on the ground. These birds are active during the day and commonly stay in one full general expanse. There accept been sightings of bluish-throated macaws in Paraguay, which indicates that this species volition sometimes travel long distances. (Kyle, 2007b; Benstead, et al., 1992)

arboreal
flies
diurnal
motile
sedentary
social

Dwelling house Range

In that location is not very much information available pertaining to the home ranges of individual blue-throated macaws or pairs.

Advice and Perception

Blueish-throated macaws communicate mostly past sound. When they suspect danger, they emit a very loud alarming phone call and promptly fly off. Blue-throated macaws are known to communicate with each other with tranquillity caws as well. Toa Kyle (2007b) describes his observations of the "well-nigh fledging" of a blue-throated macaw chick during which the chick received "light caws of encouragement from its parents perched nearby." Bird trappers have been known to employ "caller" bait birds to attract blue-throated macaws of the contrary sexual activity, and so audio-visual advice is known to have a role for attracting mates. Tactile advice is used as well. Mates show amore for each other and their chicks quite often in the class of preening. Like all birds, blueish-throated macaws perceive their environment through sound, visual, tactile, and chemical stimuli. (Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007a; Benstead, et al., 1992)

tactile
acoustic

visual
tactile
acoustic
chemical

Nutrient Habits

Blue-throated macaws do non eat seeds and nuts to the same extent equally many other macaw species do. Instead, they eat primarily fruit from large palms. The palm species Attalea phalerata is the almost predominant source, only they will also eat from Acrocomia aculeata and Mauritia fleuxosa. The macaws eat the mesocarp from ripe and nearly ripe fruit and take also been observed drinking the liquid from very immature fruit. (Benstead, et al., 2009; Hashemite kingdom of jordan and Munn, 1993; Kyle, 2007b; Strem, 2008)

herbivore
- frugivore

leaves
seeds, grains, and nuts
fruit

Predation

Blueish-throated macaws' cautiousness is one of their behavioral adaptations to prevent nest predation. Parents will often perch just exterior their nest and observe their surroundings for predators and other dangers. When returning from foraging, blue-throated macaws volition approach the nest tree gradually only after observing the area beginning. While one parent enters the nest to feed the chicks, the other parent has been observed to stand guard most the nest tree. (Kyle, 2007a; Pederson and Pederson, 2002)

Few predators of Ara glaucogularis exist. Adults tin can be preyed upon by great horned owls, southern caracaras, coati, tayras, and chocolate-brown capuchin monkeys. Nestlings are preyed upon by crane hawks, while both eggs and nestlings are eaten by toco toucans. (Gilardi, et al., 2005; Kyle, 2007b)

Known Predators
- Cracking horned owls (Bubo virginianus)
- Southern caracaras (Caracara plancus)
- Coati
- Tayras (Eira barbara)
- Brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
- Crane hawks (Geranospiza caerulescens)
- Toco toucans (Ramphastos toco)

Ecosystem Roles

Blue-throated macaws play a function as prey in their ecosystem. They are also subject to parasites such as mites and botfly larvae. As frugivores, they are likely an important seed disperser for native, fruiting plants. (Kyle, 2007b)

disperses seeds

Economical Importance for Humans: Positive

Bluish-throated macaws are used equally pets. Their feathers have likewise been used for ornament of ornamental costume for indigenous groups. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Strem, 2008)

pet trade
body parts are source of valuable cloth

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

There are no known agin effects of Ara glaucogularis on humans.

Conservation Status

Ara glaucogularis is currently rated every bit critically endangered on the IUCN Scarlet List and is listed in Appendix I by CITES. Trapping is illegal as blue-throated macaws have been protected by the national legislation of Republic of bolivia and the Convention on International Merchandise in Endangered Species of Wild animals and Flora (CITES) since 1986. (Strem, 2008; "Bluish-throated Macaw", 2009)

Trapping for the pet trade is the main reason that blue-fronted macaws are so critically endangered. The rarity of this species drove the selling cost up resulting in increased pressure from trapping. As more birds were defenseless, blue-throated macaws became rarer. This became a vicious cycle that greatly reduced the wild population of blue-throated macaws to the numbers before long observed. There are currently an estimated l to 250 individuals in the wild. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Jordan and Munn, 1993; "Blue-throated Macaw", 2009)

Since spix's macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii) went extinct in 2000, Ara glaucogularis is now the most rare species of macaw in the world. With a wild population estimated to be between 50 and 250 individuals, extreme conservation actions are necessary. The World Parrot Trust has many volunteers and employees working towards the conservation of blue-throated macaws. These people monitor the nests to protect the chicks from predation. Chicks are also examined periodically to ensure that they are good for you and receiving adequate nutrient from their parents. If the chick is non doing as well equally is expected, so it is supplemented with formula. New nest boxes have been congenital and current nest sites improved. Support from the local landowners has also been established. (Gilardi, et al., 2005; Kyle, 2006; Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007a)

IUCN Ruddy List

Critically Endangered
More data
IUCN Red List

Critically Endangered
More information
CITES

Appendix I

Contributors

Shelby Wyatt (author), University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Doris Audet (editor), University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Rachelle Sterling (editor), Special Projects.

Glossary

Neotropical

living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Key and South America.

World Map

acoustic: uses sound to communicate

agronomical: living in landscapes dominated by human being agriculture.

altricial: young are built-in in a relatively underdeveloped country; they are unable to feed or intendance for themselves or locomote independently for a flow of time after nativity/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless later hatching.

arboreal: Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.

bilateral symmetry: having body symmetry such that the animal tin exist divided in i plane into 2 mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry accept dorsal and ventral sides, besides as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

chemic: uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

diurnal

active during the 24-hour interval, 2. lasting for one solar day.

endothermic: animals that use metabolically generated oestrus to regulate body temperature independently of ambience temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may accept arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.

female person parental care: parental care is carried out by females

frugivore: an animal that mainly eats fruit

herbivore: An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.

iteroparous: offspring are produced in more than than 1 group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).

male parental care: parental care is carried out by males

monogamous: Having one mate at a fourth dimension.

motile: having the chapters to move from one identify to another.

native range: the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

oviparous: reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs exterior the mother's torso.

pet merchandise: the business concern of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.

seasonal breeding: breeding is confined to a particular season

sedentary: remains in the same area

sexual: reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of 2 individuals, a male and a female person

social: associates with others of its species; forms social groups.

swamp: a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation.

tactile: uses touch to communicate

terrestrial: Living on the ground.

tropical: the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.five degrees northward to 23.5 degrees south.

tropical savanna and grassland: A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not course a closed awning. All-encompassing savannas are constitute in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
savanna: A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and woods. Run into as well Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
temperate grassland: A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made upward mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.

visual: uses sight to communicate

References

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2009. "Ara glaucogularis" (On-line). The IUCN Ruby Listing of Threatened Species. Accessed September 13, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/142580/0.

World Parrot Trust. 2009. "Blue and Gold Macaw" (On-line). World Parrot Trust. Accessed November 18, 2009 at http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/blue_and_gold_macaw/.

Globe Parrot Trust. 2009. "Blue-throated Macaw" (On-line). World Parrot Trust. Accessed Nov 10, 2009 at http://www.parrots.org/alphabetize.php/encyclopedia/contour/blue_throated_macaw/.

Wildscreen. 2009. "Bluish-throated macaw" (On-line). ARKive. Accessed September 13, 2009 at http://www.arkive.org/blue-throated-macaw/ara-glaucogularis/.

Benstead, P., J. Bird, S. Butchart, D. Capper, T. Stuart, A. Symes. 1992. "Blueish-THROATED MACAW Ara glaucogularis" (On-line pdf). Accessed October ten, 2009 at http://www.birdlife.info/docs/AmRDBPDFs/Ara_glaucogularis_eng.pdf.

Benstead, P., J. Bird, S. Butchart, D. Capper, T. Stuart, A. Symes. 2009. "Species factsheet: Ara glaucogularis" (On-line). Accessed September 13, 2009 at http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/alphabetize.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1548#FurtherInfo.

Clubb, South. 1994. "Life History And Medical Management of Macaws" (On-line pdf). Accessed October 09, 2009 at http://www.susanclubb.com/research.html.

Clubb, Southward., L. Karpinski. 1992. "Aging in Macaws" (On-line pdf). Accessed Oct 09, 2009 at http://www.susanclubb.com/enquiry.html.

Clubb, S. 2009. "Blue-Throated Macaw" (On-line). SusanClubb.com. Accessed Nov eighteen, 2009 at http://www.susanclubb.com/didactics.html.

Gilardi, J., T. Kyle, J. Eckles. 2005. Bolivian "Bluebeards". PsittaScene, Vol. 17/No. 1: two-10.

Hesse, A., G. Duffield. 2000. The status and conservation of the Blue-Throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis. Bird Conservation International, vol 10/iss 3: 255-275.

Hashemite kingdom of jordan, O., C. Munn. 1993. First observations of the Blue-throated Macaw in Bolivia. The Wilson Message, vol 105/iss four: 694-695.

Kyle, T. 2007. "Parrot Blogger - Toa Kyle" (On-line). World Parrot Trust. Accessed November 10, 2009 at http://www.parrots.org/alphabetize.php/blog_kyle/P0/.

Kyle, T. 2007. Raising the Bar. PsittaScene, Vol xix / No two: fourteen-17.

Kyle, T. 2006. Saving Bolivia's Blue-throated Macaw. PsittaScene, vol 18 / no 1: 4-eight.

Pederson, B., B. Pederson. 2002. Observations at an active nest of Blue-throated Macaws in the Beni Section of Bolivia. PsittaScene, Vol 14 / No 50: 2-3.

Riviere, S., Due south. Clubb, K. Clubb. 1986. The Elusive Caninde. AFA Watchbird, vol thirteen: 6-ix.

Strem, R. 2008. "Population Viability Assay of the Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis)" (On-line pdf). Accessed October ten, 2009 at http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Strem%20Cuellar%20Rosa%20Ines.pdf?acc_num=bgsu1219175814.

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Source: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ara_glaucogularis/